Institute of Physics Perovskite Methylamine Lead Iodide Thin Film Solar Cell Research Progress

Perovskite-based methylammonium lead iodide thin-film solar cells have gained significant attention from researchers due to their simple structure and low fabrication cost. Over the past five years, their power conversion efficiency has rapidly increased from 3.8% to over 15%, surpassing that of amorphous silicon solar cells. In 2013, this technology was recognized by *Science* as one of the top ten scientific breakthroughs. With further advancements in battery technology, it is expected that the efficiency will exceed 20%, opening up a wide range of potential applications. However, most high-efficiency perovskite solar cells currently use expensive organic hole-transport materials, such as Spiro-OMeTAD, which significantly increases production costs. Additionally, the long-term stability of these organic components remains a concern. As a result, developing high-efficiency perovskite solar cells without hole-transport layers has become an important research direction. To date, the highest efficiency of perovskite solar cells without hole-transport materials has reached 8%, which is still much lower than that of traditional perovskite devices. Moreover, there is ongoing debate about the mechanisms of light sensitization and heterojunction formation in these cells. Recently, Dr. Meng Qingbo from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics (CPC Clean Energy) made significant progress in improving the thin film deposition process and optimizing the interface. This work led to a breakthrough in the performance of perovskite methylammonium lead iodide thin-film solar cells, with the efficiency exceeding 10% and the open-circuit voltage surpassing 900 mV (see Fig. 1). For the first time, a single-heterojunction ideal diode model was used to systematically analyze the current-voltage characteristics of the cell (Fig. 2). The results showed that the current-voltage curve aligns well with the ideal model, indicating that this is a typical diode-like device. The ideality factor (A) of the cell ranges between 1.85 and 1.93, suggesting that the forward saturation current is mainly influenced by carrier recombination in the depletion region of the semiconductor. This confirms the existence of a space charge region at the heterojunction for the first time. Additionally, the series resistance and forward saturation current of the diode were calculated. The results indicate that both values are very small and comparable to those of high-efficiency thin-film solar cells like Cu(In,Ga)Seâ‚‚ and CdTe. Impedance spectroscopy further validated the accuracy of the ideal model analysis and provided self-consistent results, directly proving that this type of cell is a heterojunction thin-film solar cell. This conclusion holds great significance for the design and performance optimization of such devices. The findings were published in the latest issue of *Applied Physics Letters* (Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 063901 (2014)). This research was supported by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

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