When designing the members of a grid structure, it's crucial to determine their cross-sections based on both strength and stability calculations. To enhance the stability of compression members and reduce their effective calculation lengths, engineers often incorporate additional elements like subsidiary bars or support rods. These measures can significantly improve the overall performance and safety of the structure. The plate-type grid frames made from steel and the nodes of double-layer shell-type grid frames come in various forms. Among these, there are three primary types of nodes: the cross-plate node, the welded hollow ball node, and the bolted ball node. Cross-plate nodes are typically employed in steel bar-based grid structures, with connections between the rods and gusset plates either welded or secured using high-strength bolts. On the other hand, hollow ball joints and bolted ball joints are more commonly used in grid structures that feature steel pipe members. For single-layer shell-type grids, the joints must be capable of withstanding bending moments. In most cases, the steel used for these joints constitutes around 15-20% of the total steel utilized in the entire grid structure. In addition to structural considerations, practical aspects such as ease of assembly, maintenance, and cost-effectiveness also play vital roles in selecting the appropriate joint type. For instance, while bolted ball nodes offer simplicity in installation, hollow ball nodes provide better resistance against external forces due to their robust design. It’s essential for engineers to weigh all these factors carefully before finalizing the design, ensuring that the chosen solution aligns with both functional requirements and budget constraints.
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