Wheat yield is primarily influenced by three key factors: the number of ears per panicle, the number of grains per panicle, and the 1000-grain weight. Among these, the number of panicles per mu (a Chinese unit of area) is the most variable and commonly responsible for yield fluctuations. This is because the grain number per panicle and the 1000-grain weight tend to remain relatively stable within a given wheat variety. Therefore, the primary objective in wheat field management is to maximize the number of panicles per mu. This involves encouraging early tillering, promoting uniform distribution of tillers, and cultivating strong, healthy seedlings to increase the tillering rate.
Water and fertilizer application during the spring plays a crucial role in enhancing tillering. It can be said that timely spring topdressing and irrigation are among the most effective measures for improving seedling development and ensuring better grain production. Once the soil thaws in spring, it is essential to apply water and fertilizer promptly, depending on the condition of the seedlings and the ground. This helps meet the crop’s nutrient and water requirements, supporting optimal tillering and ear formation.
The sequence for managing water and fertilizer in wheat fields typically follows this order: first, apply to dry or weak seedlings, then to medium-strength wheat, and finally to high-yielding varieties and three-type wheat with weak growth. For second-class wheat, topdressing and watering should occur during the stem elongation stage. The earlier the seedling is weaker, the sooner the treatment should be applied, while stronger seedlings may require later intervention. First-class wheat is usually watered during the middle of the jointing stage, when the first internode begins to develop.
A typical application includes about 15 kg of urea per mu, along with 50 to 60 cubic meters of water. If phosphorus fertilizer was added as base fertilizer, it is recommended to supplement with 7–10 kg of diammonium phosphate and 7 kg of potassium fertilizer. For de-fermented or late-emerging weak seedlings, two applications during the green-up and jointing stages can significantly improve growth. Using diammonium phosphate during the green-up phase tends to be more effective than using urea alone.
After spring rain or irrigation, it's important to promptly loosen the soil to break up crusting and protect the root system. This practice ensures better water infiltration and promotes healthier plant development. Overall, proper timing and careful management of water and nutrients in the spring are essential for maximizing wheat yield and quality.
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