A sensor is a device that detects or measures a physical quantity and converts it into an electrical signal or another form of output that can be used for further processing. It typically consists of two main parts: a sensing element that responds to the physical input, and a transducer that converts this response into a measurable signal. When the output of a sensor follows a standardized format, it is referred to as a transmitter. A transmitter is essentially an instrument that takes a non-standard electrical signal and converts it into a standard one, making it suitable for transmission, control, or display purposes.
Sensors are responsible for converting physical signals—such as temperature, pressure, level, flow, or gas composition—into electrical signals. In the past, these signals were often mechanical or analog, but today, digital signals are also widely used. The primary instrument refers to on-site measuring devices, such as those found in control panels or directly connected to the process. On the other hand, secondary instruments are those that take the signal from the primary instrument and perform additional functions like control, display, or data logging.
In the field of thermal instrumentation, sensors and transmitters play a crucial role. The sensor captures the physical parameter, while the transmitter processes and amplifies the weak signal from the sensor, allowing it to be transmitted over long distances or used to activate control elements. Some transmitters not only convert non-electrical signals into electrical ones but also amplify them for remote monitoring and control. In some cases, analog signals can be converted into digital signals as needed, depending on the application requirements.
Together, the sensor and transmitter form a reliable signal source for automated monitoring and control systems. Different physical quantities require specific types of sensors and corresponding transmitters. For example, a differential pressure transmitter is used in boiler water level measurement. It works by detecting the difference between the pressure at the bottom (water) and the top (steam) of a level gauge. This pressure difference is then transferred to the transmitter, where it acts on a bellows mechanism. The movement of the bellows drives a mechanical pointer or an electronic display, providing a remote indication of the water level. In modern systems, this analog signal can also be converted into a digital format for more precise control and data analysis.
This explanation highlights the key differences between a sensor and a transmitter, showing how they work together in industrial and automation systems. Whether it's for basic measurements or advanced control applications, understanding their roles is essential for effective system design and operation.
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