Pollution-free vegetables are those that are safe, high-quality, and nutritious, with no harmful pathogens or toxic substances present. These vegetables meet relevant food safety standards and do not cause any adverse effects on the human body, fully realizing their nutritional and health benefits. Therefore, what should be considered when managing pests and diseases in the production of pollution-free vegetables?
Pest control must follow strict guidelines to minimize the use of chemical treatments. Optimizing farming practices is essential—selecting quality varieties, practicing crop rotation, and implementing scientific cultivation methods can enhance the resistance of vegetables to pests and diseases. It's also important to thoroughly clean up leftover crops and disinfect the area. Maintaining proper temperature and humidity levels in protected areas helps prevent high-temperature and high-humidity conditions that promote disease. Using mulch, drip irrigation, and controlling water and heat supply are also effective. Greenhouses and other facilities should be carefully managed, with a focus on using organic fertilizers combined with biological fertilizers. A balanced approach between organic and inorganic fertilizers, along with controlled nitrogen application, is recommended.
Physical control methods include grafting technology to manage soil-borne diseases. Grafting, for example, can effectively control cucumber wilt, achieving over 95% success rates in cucumbers, watermelons, and eggplants. This method also helps prevent viral diseases and powdery mildew, while improving plant resilience and increasing yield. Reflective gray films can deter aphids and reduce the occurrence of viral diseases. Yellow sticky traps placed in fields or greenhouses help capture aphids and whiteflies, while insect nets at greenhouse vents play an important role in reducing pest populations and associated diseases.
Biological control methods involve using natural enemies and microbial agents. For instance, *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt) emulsion is effective against cabbage caterpillars, diamondback moths, and other pests. Virus-based insect control agents like Jinggangmycin and agricultural anti-120 are used to manage mites, while others like Liuyangmycin and Huaguangmycin are also effective. Live microbial pesticides such as *Metarhizium* and *Bacillus subtilis* are used for fungal and bacterial control. Insect pheromones, parasitic and predatory natural enemies, plant-derived extracts, and synergists like sesamin are all valuable tools in integrated pest management.
When chemical pesticides are necessary, they should be used sparingly and according to strict guidelines. Inorganic fungicides like sulfur and copper preparations are allowed, as well as mineral oil emulsions derived from natural sources. Organic synthetic pesticides may be used in limited quantities, but only when absolutely necessary, and always following the prescribed application methods and safety intervals.
The production of pollution-free vegetables must strictly adhere to specific guidelines. First, only approved pesticides are permitted, including plant-, animal-, and microbe-derived options. Sulfur and copper preparations are acceptable in mineral-based products. Second, highly toxic, persistent, or carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic pesticides are strictly prohibited. Examples include calcium arsenate, DDT, parathion, and various herbicides. Third, the use of chemical pesticides should be limited to cases where it is unavoidable, and even then, it must be done with strict adherence to safety protocols and application intervals.
By following these comprehensive strategies, farmers can ensure the production of safe, high-quality vegetables that meet modern food safety standards while minimizing environmental impact.
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