Talking about the method of avoiding disaster and self-rescue and mutual rescue through Wenchuan earthquake

The Wenchuan Earthquake was the most destructive and most extensive earthquake in China since 1949. The intensity and intensity of the earthquake exceeded that of the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Chinese earthquake research and geological disaster research experts today analyzed the main reasons why the Wenchuan earthquake was more destructive than the Tangshan earthquake.

The Wenchuan earthquake caused direct economic losses of 845.2 billion yuan. Sichuan is the most serious, accounting for 91.3% of total losses, Gansu accounting for 5.8% of total losses, and Shaanxi accounting for 2.9% of total losses. The National Bureau of Statistics classified the loss indicators into three categories. The first category was the issue of casualties, the second category was the issue of property damage, and the third category was the destruction of the natural environment. In the property loss, the loss of the house is very large, and the loss of private houses and urban residents' housing accounts for 27.4% of the total loss. Including schools, hospitals and other non-residential houses, the loss accounted for 20.4% of the total loss. In addition, there are infrastructure, roads, bridges and other urban infrastructure losses, accounting for 21.9% of the total losses, these three categories is a relatively large proportion of losses, more than 70% of the losses are caused by these three aspects.

Self-rescue and mutual rescue methods for avoiding disasters:

First, the principle of underground self-rescue

1, hide. If you cannot evacuation from the disaster area within a short period of time, temporarily evade it at a safe place.

2, reported. Immediately report to the site leadership or schedule details

3, off. That is, on the premise of ensuring safety, the accident will be eliminated in the initial stage or in the minimum range, minimizing damage and loss.

4, protection, timely personal security protection.

5, withdrawal. When the safety of personnel may be jeopardized, immediately follow the evacuation route.

Second, the underground fire accident evacuation and self-rescue downhole No matter if anyone found smoke or open fire, they must report while extinguishing the fire. If the fire is not large, they must immediately extinguish the fire and report to the dispatching room. Do not panic and panic until you see the fire. Experience has shown that as long as early detection and timely rescue are performed, generally the initial fire can be extinguished on the spot. If the fire is very fierce or the scope of the fire is large, and the on-site personnel are unable to rescue it, they must organize themselves to save themselves from the disaster. The specific method is as follows:

1. Disaster avoidance and self-rescue measures in the smoke lane

(1) Self-rescuer should be worn, and decisive measures should be taken to quickly evacuate the smoke roadway. Generally do not stay in the smoke-free roadway to avoid disasters or establish a temporary refuge chamber.

(2) When the smoke is not large, do not run upright. You should bend as much as you can, and move forward with your head down fast. When the smoke is large, you should stick to the bottom of the roadway and the laneway, and feel the rapid crawling and retreating of the railway or pipeline.

(3) No matter how dangerous it is, you must not panic and run wild. Use water in the roadway to soak towels, clothing or water on your body to cool down; cover your head and face with your personal objects to prevent high temperature smoke from stimulating.

(4) When the self-rescuer is used for more than effective protection time or no self-rescuer, the towel should be wetted and the nose and mouth should be blocked and the location of the supply air should be found. Then the air pressure pipeline valve in the tunnel can be cut off or opened, or there should be The wind (which must be fresh and harmless) windpipes breathe.

(5) Do not retreat smoke under normal circumstances. However, this retreat method can only be used when there is hope for survival when the anti-tobacco withdrawal.

(6) In the case of large smoke and unclear sight, you should touch the wall of the tunnel so as not to miss the Unicom exit to the fresh air.

2. Disaster avoidance and self-rescue measures when the head road is angry

(1) When a person is blocked by a fire and cannot be retreated to the outside of the fire source, he should do everything possible to quickly remove the ignited air duct, remove some of the wooden supports (in the case of causing no roof fall) and everything Combustibles, cut off the passage of fire to the location of personnel. Then, a temporary refuge chamber was quickly constructed and closed tightly to prevent the intrusion of harmful smoke. If there are pressure air ducts in the roadway, pressure can be released to avoid the disaster and help themselves. If there is a water pipeline, water can be used to improve the conditions for avoiding disasters. However, when using water to control the fire and prevent the spread of fire to personnel evacuation sites, special attention should be paid to the harm caused by water vapor or roadway to the disaster-hit people.

(2) If the fire in other areas causes the heading of the dugout roadway to be blocked by fire and smoke, and personnel cannot be evacuated, the roadway should be closed immediately with a wind barrier (constructed with a canister in the laneway), etc., and the temporary gateway established. Refuge room. If the fire smoke is pressed into the roadway through the local fan, the air drum should be dismantled immediately.

(3) Dugout tunnel fires are mostly caused by electrical faults or illegal blasting. They are characterized by a sudden fire, but the initial fire source is generally not large. They should be promptly followed by effective and decisive measures to extinguish them.

(4) Pressurized ventilation is generally used for local ventilation in local roadway. Once the fan has been burned, the ventilation of the working surface is cut off and the way out for the escape of the person is also cut off. Therefore, after the fire on the roadway, personnel located on the side of the fire source should make every effort to withdraw to the outside of the fire source through the fire source, and then determine the method of extinguishing or retreating according to the actual situation.

Three, gas, coal dust explosion accident avoidance

1. In the disaster avoidance, everyone should observe discipline and listen to the command.

2. After the explosion accident and during the disaster avoidance and self-rescue process, every opportunity should be used to try to report to the mine and keep in touch with the ground.

3. Persons located on the windward side of the accident site should withdraw from the disaster area facing the wind.

4, in the event of an accident or in the withdrawal process to cover the body with clothing, etc., hold your breath as much as possible, to prevent inhalation of a large number of high-temperature harmful gases.

5. The evacuation is best led by experienced old workers.

IV. Principle of Mutual Saving Mutual rescue of miners refers to the behavior of miners not injured in the disaster area to properly rescue injured miners on the premise of effective self-rescue.

1, to determine whether the wounded have the value of salvage:

(1) Blood stops circulating.

(2), stiff limbs appear auburn spots on the back

(3) pupil dilation, no reflection on the light.

(4) The heart stops beating.

2. The "Three First and Third Principles" for Rescuing the Wounded Persons (Principle of mutual rescue)

1) For people who suffer from asphyxia or cardiac arrest, they must be resuscitated and transported.

2) For the bleeding wounded, we must first stop the bleeding and carry it.

3) For fractured wounded people, they must be fixed and transported first. Little common sense: Some of the underground accidents, although the heartbeat and breathing stopped, but there is no real death, the sooner the chance of resuscitation the higher the rescue. The success rate of rescue within 2 minutes is 70%, the success rate within 4 minutes is 43%, and within 6 minutes is 10%. The success rate beyond 10 minutes is even smaller.

3, the three general signs of injury judgments (heartbeat, breathing, pupil) normal heartbeat 60 to 90 beats per minute, severe trauma, bleeding, heart rate faster. The normal person breathes 16-18 times per minute, and the occupant of the occupant gets lighter or shallower. Normal pupils and other large circles can quickly become larger and smaller when they encounter light. This phenomenon is called reflection of light.

4, according to the injury can be divided into three categories:

(1) Critically wounded

(2) Severely wounded

(3) Lightly injured five, underground disasters, disaster avoidance, self-rescue

A. Once a downhole accident occurs in the underground, the method of avoiding disasters is as follows:

1. When underground personnel discover a flooding accident, they shall immediately report mine scheduling and, in the quickest way, can withdraw from the nearby area's staff in accordance with the prescribed evacuation route.

2. When all personnel are withdrawn from the flooded area, the floodgate should be closed immediately.

3. Take care to prevent poisoning caused by the harmful gas released from the permeable space. At this time, you should wear a self-rescuer immediately to evacuate.

4. When the downhole water pump driver receives the flooding accident warning, the closed doors on both sides of the pump room shall be immediately closed, all the pumps shall be started, the water shall be discharged as soon as possible, and the water shall not be withdrawn if no retreat command is received.

5. When you retreat, you should go to a height, go up the mountain to the previous level, and then go out of the well.

6. If the way out has been cut off by water, quickly seek the highest position downhole, avoid it from the nearest wellbore or lane, and try to send out a cry for help.

7, generally can not enter the culvert near the flooding place to seek refuge. However, when Shantou is up in the lower part of the mountain but the export has been submerged and unable to withdraw, it can be avoided on the face of Shantou uphill, because the air in the mountainous area is compressed due to the rising water level and can maintain a certain space.

B. Permeable water:

a The coal seam became moist and soft: the coal gang appeared to have bottom water and water and the water was poured out by urine: sometimes the rust-colored water traces appeared in the coal gang.

b The working surface has a reduced temperature or fog or hydrogen sulphide odor.

c Sometimes the sound of water can be heard. Increased mine pressure occurs with roofing and bottom smashing.