**Abstract**
"The development and manufacturing technology of ultra-precision machine tools represents one of the most advanced fields in modern engineering, pushing the boundaries of machining accuracy into areas previously unexplored by humans. The application of this technology has now extended into many aspects of our daily lives, significantly enriching and transforming the way we live." Liu Bingye, director of the Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute, highlighted these points at the 2014 China Machine Tools Development High-end Forum on June 19, emphasizing that while complex manufacturing equipment is widely showcased, there exists a rare type of machine tool—ultra-precision machine tools—that are highly valued and controlled by developed nations. These tools reflect a country's technological competitiveness in precision engineering.
**High Precision Is the Mainstream Trend of CNC Machine Tools**
Over the past three decades, machine tool technology has seen significant advancements, with trends such as high precision, high-speed motion, multi-axis movement, high reliability, multifunctional integration, reconfigurability, low energy consumption, environmental friendliness, and intelligence emerging. Among these, Liu Bingye emphasized that high precision and intelligent development are the most critical directions. Ultra-precision machining achieves an order of magnitude higher accuracy than conventional precision machining, making it a key focus for future growth.
In fact, the technical scope of ultra-precision machining is vast. Over 30 years of research, Liu Bingye identified 36 key frontier studies and 11 leading core technologies, covering design, moving parts, measurement analysis, process technology, host manufacturing, and application conditions. Core technologies include precision spindle and linear motion component manufacturing, high-resolution drive systems, machining of critical components, vibration-resistant structures, fast linear motion, multi-axis nested designs, and integrated manufacturing techniques.
**Key Technologies for Nano-Precision**
Liu Bingye noted that during the evolution from micrometer to nanometer precision, three essential technologies must be mastered: hysteresis-free bearing technology, high-resolution drive systems, and micro-vibration processing. Hysteresis affects positioning accuracy, motion resolution, and surface quality. Hydrostatic bearings effectively reduce hysteresis and improve geometric error homogenization, widely used in ultra-precision machines. Recent advances in self-compensating feedback and flow-controlled throttling have enhanced hydrostatic bearing performance, allowing better material processing.
Micro-vibration, which occurs at the nanometer scale, interferes with precision measurements and operations. "Understanding and solving micro-vibration mechanisms is essential for achieving true nano-precision," Liu said.
**Meeting the Needs of Ultra-Precision Technology**
Jiang Zhuangde, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, pointed out that China faces increasing demand for large-aperture aspheric optical components in aerospace, laser fusion, defense, and astronomy. However, foreign countries impose embargoes on high-end optical processing equipment. Domestic research is ongoing but still lacks maturity. The precision of self-developed equipment lags behind foreign counterparts, and the integration of optical part processing with ultra-precision technology remains limited.
Jiang called for urgent improvements in ultra-precision machining and measurement technologies to address these challenges. For example, a 900 mm ultra-precision milling machine was a key project under the "Eleventh Five-Year" National 863 Program, aiming to advance the manufacturing of large optical components for aerospace and nuclear fusion applications.
**Future Applications of Ultra-Precision Machine Tools**
Liu Bingye noted that hard turning and hard milling will become more common, with light hard turning replacing grinding in many cases. Ultra-precision machine tools are suitable for automotive parts, bearings, molds, valves, balls, screws, and nuts, capable of machining materials like stainless steel, cast iron, plastics, graphite, and green ceramics. "These tools can significantly improve productivity and precision, offering better efficiency and surface quality than traditional grinding. They also allow dry cutting, making them more environmentally friendly and extending tool life."
To support further development, the Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute has established a joint laboratory with British Taylor Hobson Co., Ltd., creating a platform for collaboration in measurement and testing. This partnership aims to enhance long-term research and service capabilities.
Looking ahead, Liu Bingye stated that the institute will leverage two national-level ultra-precision engineering centers to accelerate the formation of a broader alliance in the industry, driving industrialization and expanding market share. "We are confident and capable of pushing ultra-precision machine tool technology to new heights in the next five years."
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