Copper is an essential trace mineral for chickens, playing a vital role in their overall health and development. It is primarily found in the liver, brain, kidneys, heart, eyes, and feathers. As a key component of various enzymes and activators—such as ceruloplasmin and tyrosinase—copper contributes to multiple physiological functions, including red blood cell formation, bone development, feather pigmentation, and the maintenance of healthy brain cells. Its presence is crucial for proper metabolic processes and growth.
Copper is commonly found in a variety of feed sources, such as leguminous grasses, soybean meal, grains, and their by-products. Fishmeal and soybean cake are particularly rich in copper. A typical requirement of 4 mg of copper per kilogram of feed is usually sufficient to meet the needs of poultry. However, the copper content in plant-based feeds can vary significantly depending on the soil composition. In areas with low copper concentration in the soil, the feed may lack adequate levels of this mineral, potentially leading to deficiency if not supplemented.
The most common form of copper supplement used in animal feed is copper sulfate. Compared to other forms like copper carbonate or copper oxide, copper sulfate has higher bioavailability and is more effectively absorbed by the chicken’s body. However, the presence of high levels of zinc, molybdenum, or inorganic sulfates in the diet can interfere with copper absorption, increasing the risk of deficiency.
In the chicken’s body, copper plays several critical roles. It is involved in maintaining nerve function, supporting bone development, and contributing to the pigmentation of feathers. A deficiency in copper can lead to symptoms such as respiratory issues, heart failure, and pale or faded feathers in colored breeds. Additionally, copper helps maintain vascular elasticity and is essential for the production of hemoglobin. Although copper is not a direct component of hemoglobin, it aids in the transport of iron into the bloodstream, which is necessary for red blood cell formation. A lack of copper can result in anemia, reduced red blood cell maturation, and impaired oxygen transport.
When copper deficiency occurs, chickens may exhibit signs such as anemia, weak or deformed bones, poor feather pigmentation, and decreased egg production in laying hens. Eggs may be smaller, have thin or soft shells, or even be misshapen, leading to lower hatchability. In severe cases, embryos may die during incubation.
To address copper deficiency, copper sulfate can be added to feed at a rate of 90 grams per ton of feed. This should be done for 1–2 weeks to restore normal levels. While chickens are relatively tolerant to copper, excessive amounts—over 350 mg/kg of feed—can cause toxicity, leading to muscle damage and internal bleeding. However, under normal feeding conditions, copper poisoning is rare.
Ensuring proper copper intake through balanced nutrition is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of poultry. Regular monitoring and appropriate supplementation can help prevent deficiencies and support optimal growth and performance.
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